Multiple Choice
Identify the
choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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The distance, measured in degrees, east and west of the prime meridian is
referred to as _______________.
a. | the poles | c. | the prime meridian | b. | latitude | d. | longitude |
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2.
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A rock that forms when magma hardens beneath Earth’s surface is called an
____.
a. | extrusive igneous rock | b. | extrusive sedimentary rock | c. | intrusive igneous
rock | d. | intrusive metamorphic rock |
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3.
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According to Figure 3-2, a coarse-grained rock with angular fragments would be
classified as a ____.
a. | conglomerate | c. | sandstone | b. | crystalline limestone | d. | breccia |
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4.
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According to Figure 3-2, what type of rock is composed of the mineral calcite
and microscopic shells and clay?
a. | flint | c. | sandstone | b. | chalk | d. | rock gypsum |
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5.
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According to Figure 3-2, a clastic sedimentary rock with rounded particles that
are 5-10 millimeters in diameter would be classified as a ____.
a. | breccia | c. | conglomerate | b. | coquina | d. | sandstone |
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6.
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According to Figure 3-2, which of the following is responsible for the formation
of rock gypsum?
a. | recrystallization from high temperatures and high pressures | b. | cooling of
magma | c. | weathering and erosion | d. | precipitation from a water
solution |
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7.
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What type of sedimentary rock is formed from weathered particles of rocks and
minerals?
a. | intrusive sedimentary rock | c. | clastic sedimentary
rock | b. | chemical sedimentary rock | d. | biochemical sedimentary rock |
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8.
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How can two igneous rocks have the same composition of minerals but have
different names?
a. | The rocks may have different textures. | b. | The rocks may have different
colors. | c. | The rocks may be found in different areas. | d. | The rocks may be of
different sizes. |
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9.
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Igneous rocks that crystallize from magma and are composed almost entirely of
quartz and feldspars (light colored) have a(n) ____.
a. | andesitic composition | c. | ultramafic composition | b. | basaltic
composition | d. | granitic
composition |
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10.
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The tendency of minerals to break along smooth flat surfaces is called
____.
a. | fracture | c. | hardness | b. | cleavage | d. | streak |
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11.
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When large masses of magma solidify far below Earth’s surface, they form
igneous rocks that have a ____.
a. | fine-grained texture | c. | clastic texture | b. | glassy texture | d. | coarse-grained
texture |
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12.
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If granite undergoes high temperatures and high pressures at depth within Earth,
what type of rock will be formed? Assume that the granite does not melt.
a. | a sedimentary rock | c. | an igneous rock | b. | magma | d. | a metamorphic
rock |
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13.
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In Figure 3-1, what type of rock should occur in the part of the rock cycle
labeled F?
a. | igneous | c. | lava | b. | sedimentary | d. | metamorphic |
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14.
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In Figure 3-1, what process or processes would be occurring in the part
of the rock cycle labeled E?
a. | compaction and cementation | c. | cooling | b. | melting | d. | weathering and erosion |
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15.
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In Figure 3-1, what type of rock should occur in the part of the rock
cycle labeled H?
a. | igneous | c. | sedimentary | b. | metamorphic | d. | lava |
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16.
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Fossils are only found in ____.
a. | nonfoliated metamorphic rocks | c. | intrusive igneous
rocks | b. | sedimentary rocks | d. | foliated metamorphic rocks |
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17.
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In which of the following settings would a metamorphic rock most likely
form?
a. | a desert | c. | 8 kilometers below Earth’s surface | b. | an ocean
floor | d. | on the slopes of an
active volcano |
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18.
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When magma cools quickly, the size of the crystals that form ____.
a. | increases | c. | cannot be determined | b. | decreases | d. | is not affected |
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19.
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What rock-forming process occurs when hot magma forces its way into rock?
a. | contact metamorphism | c. | regional metamorphism | b. | biochemical
sedimentation | d. | deposition |
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20.
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What is a naturally occurring, solid mass of mineral or mineral-like
matter?
a. | a mineral | c. | lava | b. | a rock | d. | a fossil |
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21.
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Which of Earth’s spheres includes the
oceans, groundwater, lakes, and glaciers? a. | the geosphere | c. | the biosphere | b. | the atmosphere | d. | the hydrosphere |
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22.
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What type of rocks are formed by processes powered by the sun?
a. | igneous rocks | b. | No rocks are formed by energy from the
sun. | c. | metamorphic rocks | d. | sedimentary
rocks |
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23.
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A preliminary, untested explanation that tries to explain how or why things
happen is a scientific ____.
a. | theory | c. | fact | b. | law | d. | hypothesis |
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24.
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Minerals form from evaporating water due to the process of ____.
a. | melting | c. | cooling | b. | condensation | d. | precipitation |
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25.
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What is the study of the atmosphere and the processes that produce weather and
climate?
a. | meteorology | c. | geology | b. | astronomy | d. | oceanography |
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26.
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Which type of sediment is most likely to be deposited in the lowest-energy
environment?
a. | rocks | c. | gravel | b. | mud | d. | sand |
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27.
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Which agent of metamorphism can cause the overall composition of the rock to
change?
a. | heat | c. | running water | b. | a hydrothermal solution | d. | pressure |
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28.
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The resistance of a mineral to being scratched is called ____.
a. | fracture | c. | cleavage | b. | streak | d. | hardness |
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29.
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Lava that cools so quickly that ions do not have time to arrange themselves into
crystals will form igneous rocks with a ____.
a. | fine-grained texture | c. | coarse-grained texture | b. | glassy
texture | d. | porphyritic
texture |
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30.
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The appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral is
called ____.
a. | luster | c. | cleavage | b. | streak | d. | color |
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31.
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What is density of a mineral?
a. | the ratio of a mineral’s mass to its volume | b. | a mineral’s
mass | c. | the ratio of a mineral’s height to its weight | d. | a mineral’s
volume |
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32.
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Which of the following changes may occur during metamorphism?
a. | The rock becomes more compact. | b. | Crystals may grow larger. | c. | Certain minerals may
recrystallize. | d. | all of the above |
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33.
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The building block of the silicate minerals is called the ____.
a. | silicon-oxygen triangle | c. | silicon-oxygen
tetrahedron | b. | silicon-aluminum triangle | d. | aluminum-oxygen tetrahedron |
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34.
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In Figure 1-2, what is the distance from point B to point C?
a. | 2 miles | c. | 6 miles | b. | 4 miles | d. | 5 miles |
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35.
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The three groups of rocks are classified by ____.
a. | grain size | c. | chemical composition | b. | color | d. | how they formed |
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36.
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What are the building blocks of minerals?
a. | electrons | c. | rocks | b. | elements | d. | isotopes |
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37.
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What is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly crystalline
structure and a definite chemical composition?
a. | an element | c. | a compound | b. | an isotope | d. | a mineral |
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38.
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The most common mineral group in Earth’s crust is the ____.
a. | silicates | c. | sulfides | b. | carbonates | d. | oxides |
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39.
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Where is the energy source found that drives the processes that form igneous and
metamorphic rocks?
a. | Earth’s interior | c. | the sun | b. | the wind | d. | moving water |
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40.
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Which of the following properties is generally the least useful in
identifying minerals?
a. | cleavage | c. | streak | b. | color | d. | hardness |
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41.
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Earth is considered a system because all of its
parts ____. a. | were formed at the same time | b. | interact | c. | are powered by the
same energy source | d. | represent separate closed
systems |
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42.
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Atoms containing the same numbers of protons and different numbers of neutrons
are ____.
a. | neutrons | c. | isotopes | b. | compounds | d. | ions |
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43.
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What are the two sources of energy for the Earth system?
a. | the sun and wind | c. | Earth’s interior and the winds | b. | lightning and the
sun | d. | the sun and
Earth’s interior |
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44.
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Differences in elevation are best shown using a
____. a. | Robinson projection map | c. | gnomonic projection
map | b. | Mercator projection map | d. | topographic map |
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45.
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Which of the following represents the correct order of the processes involved in
sedimentary rock formation?
a. | weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, cementation | b. | deposition,
cementation, compaction, erosion, weathering | c. | erosion, weathering, compaction, cementation,
deposition | d. | compaction, cementation, deposition, weathering,
erosion |
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46.
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A scientific idea that is well tested and widely accepted by the scientific
community is called a scientific ____.
a. | method | c. | hypothesis | b. | theory | d. | inquiry |
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47.
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A conglomerate is a rock that forms as a result of ____.
a. | compaction and cementation | c. | rapid cooling | b. | intense heat and
pressure | d. | slow
cooling |
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48.
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The color of a mineral, such as fluorite, changes due to ____.
a. | differences in the hardness | b. | differences in the crystal
structure | c. | differences in the density | d. | small amounts of different
elements |
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